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Mathematics

Statistics and Probability

Key Points

  • Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values
  • Median = middle value when data is arranged in order
  • Mode = most frequently occurring value
  • Range = highest value − lowest value
  • Probability = number of favourable outcomes ÷ total outcomes

Detailed Notes

Statistics covers data collection, presentation, and analysis. Know how to calculate mean, median, mode, and range from raw data and frequency tables. Understand cumulative frequency curves (ogives) and how to read quartiles from them. For probability, understand mutually exclusive events (P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)) and independent events (P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)).

Key Formulas & Facts

Mean
x̄ = Σx / n
Probability
P(E) = n(E) / n(S)
P(A or B) — Mutually Exclusive
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
P(A and B) — Independent
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
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